International Journal of Agriculture Extension and Social Development

author(s)
Hujaz Tariq, Gagandeep Singh, RK Sharma and Niharika Thakur

abstract
Goat farming plays a crucial role in the integrated farming systems of the Kandi region of Punjab, particularly for small and marginal farmers who rely on it as a primary source of livelihood and nutritional security. This study aimed to evaluate the socio-economic status, management practices, and income dependency associated with goat farming in the region. Data were collected through structured interviews with 50 randomly selected goat farmers across different villages of the Kandi belt. The results revealed that the majority of the goat farmers (48%) belonged to the 30-50 years age group, reflecting an active and economically productive population engaged in livestock rearing. Most households comprised medium-sized families (3-6 members), providing adequate labor for small-scale goat farming. Educational attainment among the respondents was generally low, with only 4% being graduates, which may affect the adoption of improved and scientific farming practices. Goat farming emerged as a significant economic activity, contributing more than 50% of household income in nearly half of the surveyed households. Flock sizes were mostly small to medium, with 48% maintaining 10-30 goats. Mixed breeds were predominant (52%), and semi-pucca housing was the most common shelter type (62%), indicating moderate investment in infrastructure. Breeding was largely based on the use of own bucks, suggesting closed flock systems, while the sale of animals was primarily conducted directly from the farm, reflecting the lack of formal market channels. Feed costs accounted for the largest share of farming expenditure, underscoring the economic burden of nutritional management in goat production. The study highlights key constraints such as limited access to veterinary services, inadequate marketing infrastructure, and low educational levels among farmers. The findings suggest targeted interventions in breed improvement, veterinary services, and market linkages to enhance productivity and profitability.