International Journal of Agriculture Extension and Social Development

author(s)
Kumari Ankita, Komal Sharma, Nandita Sharma, Nisha Devi, Dev Raj and Taruna Devi

abstract
Education is one of the significant instrumental factors to the development of a country. It should be transformed to the needs of the time and changing scenario of the world. It provides an opportunity to critically reflect upon the social, economic, cultural, moral and spiritual issues facing humanity. "Higher Education" delves into its evolution, regulatory frameworks, institutional structures, and contemporary challenges, focusing on the Indian context. The study highlights the transformative role of higher education in shaping intellectual and social values, as articulated by visionaries like Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar and Dr. S. Radhakrishnan. The historical narrative traces education from the ancient Gurukul system and iconic institutions like Nalanda to reforms introduced during colonial and post-independence eras, including the contributions of significant commissions. The key metrics such as Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER), Gender Parity Index (GPI), and Pupil-Teacher Ratio (PTR) to assess progress and gaps in the system. Despite achievements, challenges like insufficient funding, faculty shortages, outdated curricula, political interference, and poor research infrastructure persist. The New Education Policy (NEP) 2020 envisions holistic reforms, emphasizing multidisciplinary approaches, academic flexibility, and increased enrolment to achieve global standards. It also stresses integrating technology, vocational education, and fostering research through initiatives like the Academic Bank of Credits and the National Research Foundation.