International Journal of Agriculture Extension and Social Development

author(s)
AA Raut, Yash Pal, RA Legha and Ramesh Dedar

abstract
Working equines, particularly donkeys and mules play pivotal role of in enhancing livelihoods of underprivileged section of society. Despite historically being associated with poverty donkeys and mules are indispensable sources of draft power and transportation contributing to food security, poverty alleviation and social equity. However, the equine population has sharply declined in the past fifty years with a notable decrease in donkeys. The present study was conducted across four states in India delves into the socio-economic impact on the livelihoods of working equine owners. It explores prevailing utilization patterns and constraints faced by equine keepers through surveys and interviews. The socio-economic analysis reveals disparities in income, education and experience among equine owners influencing access to resources and livelihood patterns. Key findings indicate a reliance on donkeys and mules for cart transportation and pack animal services to specific socio-economic and environmental conditions. Despite their crucial role equine owners encounter socio-economic challenges such as distorted perceptions of donkey value, bargaining over transportation fees and fluctuating demand during peak and off-season. By unraveling the complexities surrounding equine utilization patterns and livelihood implications, the study offers valuable insights for policymakers, practitioners and stakeholders to address socio-economic disparities and ensure the welfare of both equines and their owners in northern India.