International Journal of Agriculture Extension and Social Development

author(s)
Shraddha Patil, Tanvi Patole, Desai Madhura, Patil Aarya, Amol S Ghadge, AM Gore, Mangal A Patil and BS Gholap

abstract
Crop depredation by birds and small animals continues to cause substantial yield losses in open-field agriculture, particularly in regions where conventional deterrent methods are labour-intensive, inefficient, or environmentally unsustainable. This study reports the development of a smart solar power operated scarecrow employing renewable energy, sensor-based detection, and automated actuation for intelligent crop protection. The system utilizes a photovoltaic module coupled with a rechargeable battery to provide an off-grid power supply, enabling continuous operation under variable field conditions. A microcontroller-based control architecture integrates a sound detection sensor to identify intrusion events, triggering a DC motor-driven mechanical arm mechanism and an audio deterrent module. The coordinated generation of dynamic visual motion and acoustic stimuli reduces habituation effects commonly associated with static scarecrow systems. Field testing indicated a measurable reduction in bird and small-animal intrusion frequency, while event-based activation minimized energy consumption and enhanced system efficiency. The mechanical structure demonstrated adequate stability and durability under outdoor conditions, and the overall system required minimal maintenance. The proposed solution offers a cost-effective, scalable, and environmentally benign alternative to chemical repellents and manual guarding. The study highlights the potential of integrating solar energy, embedded control, and automation technologies to advance sustainable and intelligent crop protection systems in precision agriculture.