International Journal of Agriculture Extension and Social Development

author(s)
Shreya Tiwari and Aditya Tiwari

abstract
Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) offers a pathway to increase productivity, enhance climate resilience and reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the agricultural sector. Yet, the uptake of CSA practices remains uneven across regions and farmer groups. This study examines (i) the types of support farmers need to adopt more CSA practices, (ii) the current level of adoption of key CSA practices, and (iii) the challenges farmers face in adoption. Using a cross-sectional survey of farm households, complemented by key informant interviews and focus group discussions the study develops an adoption index and a constraints index, and estimates econometric models to identify the determinants of adoption intensity. Findings are intended to inform extension strategy design, targeted subsidies/credit and policy instruments that can accelerate CSA scaling.