International Journal of Agriculture Extension and Social Development

author(s)
D Srinivasa Reddy, P Gayathri, B Mohan Uday Raj, A Suman, B Ram Charan Teja, K Suhasini and M Rajendar Reddy

abstract
The present study analyses yield gaps and cost structures in soybean cultivation across the Northern Telangana Zone (NTZ) in Telangana state in India, aiming to assess economic performance and to identify opportunities to enhance productivity. Primary data were collected from 30 normal farmers and 5 progressive farmers in Tamsi and Sirpur mandals of Adilabad district during the 2024-25 crop season. Data from the Agricultural Research Station, Adilabad, served as a benchmark to compare field-level and potential yields. The study employed cost concepts (Cost A1, A2, B, C), along with gross and net returns and benefit-cost ratio (BCR) to evaluate profitability. Results revealed that progressive farmers incurred higher total cultivation costs (Rs. 29,248.72/acre) than normal farmers (Rs. 24,254.95/acre), yet they achieved better returns due to higher productivity (8.17 quintal/acre versus 6.20 quintal/acre) and better prices (Rs. 4776/quintal versus Rs. 4134.73/quintal). The net return for progressive farmers was Rs. 9771.20/acre compared to Rs. 1519.55/acre for normal farmers, and the BCR was also more favourable (1.33 versus 1.06). Higher investment in quality seeds and plant protection chemicals by progressive farmers contributed to this enhanced performance. The yield gap analysis showed that the Research Station Yield (RSY) was 10 q/acre, while Average Farmer Yield (AFY) was 6.20 quintal/acre and Progressive Farmer Yield (PFY) was 8.17 quintal/acre. Accordingly, Yield Gap-I (RSY - PFY) was 1.83 quintal/acre, Yield Gap-II (RSY - AFY) was 3.80 q/acre, and Yield Gap-III (PFY - AFY) was 1.97 q/acre. The significant Yield Gap-II highlights a large unrealized production potential, while Yield Gap-III underlines the impact of improved practices. The study emphasizes that bridging these gaps through adoption of scientific techniques, better input use, and farmer training can significantly enhance soybean productivity and farm profitability in NTZ.