International Journal of Agriculture Extension and Social Development

author(s)
Riya Kumari, Mandeep Sharma and Sukhdeep Kaur Manshahia

abstract
Water is a fundamental natural resource essential for sustaining life, supporting agriculture and enabling economic development. However, growing demand, declining availability and increasing pollution have made water scarcity a major global concern. Across many regions, the pressure on water resources is rising due to population growth, urbanization, changing climate patterns and unsustainable extraction. In this context, indigenous technical knowledge for water conservation offers time-tested, eco-friendly and community-driven solutions that remain highly relevant today. Indigenous knowledge systems represent the wisdom developed through generations of observation, experimentation and adaptation to local environments. These systems include traditional methods for harvesting rainwater, storing surface runoff, managing groundwater and ensuring equitable water distribution. Examples such as stepwells, tanks, johads, ahar-pynes, zings, kunds, khadins and qanats demonstrate deep scientific understanding, social cooperation and sustainable engineering practices. These structures not only ensure water availability during dry periods but also support groundwater recharge, reduce soil erosion, protect biodiversity and strengthen community resilience. Traditional water conservation techniques are particularly effective because they are low-cost, climate-resilient and culturally embedded. They minimize water loss, improve soil moisture and support agriculture in arid and semi-arid areas. In modern times, rapid urban development and technological advancement have caused many of these methods to be neglected. However, their relevance has re-emerged as countries seek sustainable and environmentally friendly solutions to water crises. This review paper discusses the significance of indigenous technical knowledge, outlines major traditional water conservation systems across different regions and highlights their role in addressing present-day water challenges. It also emphasizes the need to integrate traditional wisdom with modern approaches to ensure long-term water security and strengthen community-based resource management.