International Journal of Agriculture Extension and Social Development

author(s)
Saurab, Balram Sharma, Manjeet Singh and Sanwal Singh Meena

abstract
The global agricultural sector faces unprecedented pressure to maximize food production while drastically reducing water consumption, a challenge exacerbated by climate change and mounting water scarcity. Traditional open-conduit irrigation methods, such as canals and unlined ditches, are inherently inefficient, leading to substantial water losses through seepage, evaporation, and operational spillage. This review paper synthesizes current research concerning the transition from these traditional systems to modern closed-conduit systems, focusing primarily on micro-irrigation technologies like drip and micro-sprinklers. We examine the fundamental hydraulic design principles that underpin these pressurized systems, detail the substantial improvements in water use efficiency and crop productivity they facilitate, and conduct a sustainability assessment of their environmental impacts, particularly concerning water resource conservation. Furthermore, the paper provides a thorough overview of the integration of advanced digital technologies including Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) for precise system management. Finally, we explore regional implementation challenges and adaptive strategies, arguing that the global shift towards closed-conduit infrastructure is an essential pathway for achieving long-term agricultural water security and resilience.