International Journal of Agriculture Extension and Social Development

author(s)
Thoufeeq Muhammed S, Denny Franco, Prema A, Hema M, Malik Fasil M and Meer Ahmed Ibrahim

abstract
The study examines the complex and escalating dynamics of human-wildlife conflict (HWC) in Wayanad district of Kerala, a region characterised by extensive forest cover, agriculture-based livelihoods, and high vulnerability to wildlife intrusion. Using a multi-stage random sample of 120 farmers, the research integrates perception analysis, Rank-Based Quotient (RBQ) ranking, and contingent valuation, to assess the drivers, impacts, preventive measures and economic preferences related to HWC. Results reveal that increasing wildlife populations, resource scarcity within forests, and inadequate preventive infrastructure constitute the major perceived causes of conflict. Elephants and wild boar were identified as the most destructive crop raiders, while leopards and tigers dominated livestock depredation. Farmers reported significant constraints in accessing compensation, including cumbersome procedures, assessment bias, and delays, which undermine institutional credibility. Among preventive measures, solar fencing, net fencing, and night watching by farmer were viewed as the most effective, while maintenance gaps limited the performance of institutional interventions such as electric fences and trenches. The contingent valuation analysis estimated a mean willingness to pay (WTP) of ?513.22 for improved conflict mitigation, with WTP significantly influenced by distance from forests, farm size, and education. Reasons for unwillingness to pay reflected strong expectations of government responsibility and limited trust in implementing agencies. The study underscores the need for integrated, transparent, and community-responsive strategies that strengthen preventive infrastructure, streamline compensation mechanisms, and enhance participatory approaches to ensure sustainable coexistence in conflict-prone landscapes.